SCIENCE TEMPO

Nostoc is a prokaryotic, unbranched, filamentous, colonial blue-green alga belonging to the class Cyanophyceae. It is commonly known as star jelly, witches' butter, or mars egg. This alga is found in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats and exists in a haploid form. The colony of Nostoc is globular and jelly-like, ranging in size from that of a pea seed to a plum fruit. It is surrounded by an outer firm gelatinous layer called the pellicle, which encloses a gelatinous matrix. The center of the colony remains hollow. Within the gelatinous matrix, numerous filaments are present, with each filament referred to as a trichome. These filaments are enclosed by a mucilage sheath and consist of oval cells. The trichome is composed of three types of cells: Vegetative cells Heterocysts Akinetes Each cell is bounded by an outer cell wall and an inner plasma membrane. The cell wall is primarily composed of hemicellulose and pectin, while the plasma membrane encloses the protoplasm. The protopl...

Oscillatoria is a freshwater blue-green algae belonging to the class Cyanophyceae. It is a prokaryotic organism. The vegetative thallus is a haploid gametophyte. The alga is named Oscillatoria because the tip of the trichome exhibits pendulum-like oscillating movement. The thallus consists of an unbranched trichome with uniseriate filaments surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. The trichome is composed of closely arranged uniform cells, and the terminal cell has a thickening at the apex known as a cap or calyptra. The filament contains necridia and hormogone. Each cell in the filament is structured with an outer cell wall, a middle plasma membrane, and an inner protoplasm. The cell wall is composed of pectin and cellulose, with the plasma lying beneath it. The protoplasm is differentiated into an outer chromoplasm and an inner centroplasm containing pigments, pseudovacuoles, thylakoids, and reserve food materials, such as Cyanophycean starch and B-granules. The nuclear material in Oscil...

  In recent years, Algology has found extensive applications in various fields such as agriculture, space travel, pollution control, food industry, and more. Some significant applications of algology include: Agriculture : Blue-green algae are employed as biofertilizers, while certain sea-weeds serve as green manure for agricultural and plantation crops. Algae can also reclaim acidic or alkaline soils, contributing to improved crop growth. Knowledge of algae properties and their proper use is essential for optimizing agricultural practices. Space Travels : Green algae play a vital role as oxygen producers in space crafts, making algology crucial in understanding and utilizing algae for oxygen production during space travel. Pollution Control : Algae are utilized in sewage treatment, reducing toxin and CO2 levels. They act as pollution control agents in aquarium ponds, filtering out nutrients and capturing fertilizers from runoffs. Some algae grow well in sewage water and help in so...

  Algae are chlorophyll-bearing thallophytes, and their sex organs can be either unicellular or multicellular, lacking a protective sterile envelope. The term "algae" originated from the Latin word "alga," which translates to "washed-away plants on the sea-shore" or simply "sea-weeds." In certain unicellular forms, the entire cell functions as a gamete, while multicellular algae develop many-celled sex organs, and all cells within these organs produce gametes. Typically, there are no sterile cells in the sex organs, except for one exception: the male sex organ (antheridium) of Chara, which is multicellular and surrounded by a layer of sterile cells. Commonly occurring algae species include Oscillatoria, Chlamydomonas, Ulothrix, Chara, Diatoms, Chlorella, Caulerpa, Vaucheria, Oedogonium, Nitella, Ectocarpus, Laminaria, Fucus, Volvox, Sargassum, and Polysiphonia. The study of algae is known as Algology or Phycology. The term "Phycology" i...

Habitat: Algae are predominantly found in aquatic or moist environments Thallus Structure: Algae can exist as either unicellular or multicellular organisms, with their plant body termed thallus. However, this thallus lacks differentiation into roots, stems, and leaves. Chlorophyll and Photosynthetic Pigments: Chromatophores within the thallus harbor chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments. Autotrophic Nutrition: Algae are primarily autotrophic, synthesizing their food through photosynthesis. Cell Type: Algal cells can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Nuclei: Algal cells may contain either a single nucleus (uninucleate) or multiple nuclei (multinucleate). Cell Wall Composition: The algal cell wall is rich in cellulose, providing structural support. Motility: Certain algal cells possess mobility due to the presence of cilia or flagella. Reserve Food: Starch serves as the common reserve food in algae. Reproduction: Primitive algae undergo vegetative reproduction, while higher forms exh...

 Most of the food is ingested in forms which are unavailable to the organism, since they cannot be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract until they have been reduced to smaller molecules. The break down of the naturally occurring food stuffs into assimable forms is the work of digestion. 

 Excretion may be defined as the separation and elimination of the metabolic wastes from the body usually in an aqueous solu tion. The waste materials are of several kinds and vary not only from animal to animal, but also in the same animal from time to time. However, the term excretion is generally used with reference to the elimination of the nitrogenus waste products. from the animal body. During the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, carbon dioxide and water are formed as excretory products. The bile pigments bilirubin and biliverdin that are formed in the liver by the break down of haemoglobin are excretory substances which pass out through the intestine. The breakdown of proteins results in amino acids, the excess of which are excreted. While some aquatic animals excrete their extra nitrogen in the form of amino acids as such, most of the animals degrade their excess amino acids to ammonia, uric acid or urea. Deamination The first stage in the breakdown of amino acids ...

VITAMINS Vitamins are complex organic substances found in various foods, which are required for specific metabolic reactions within the cells. In 1912 Dr. Casimir Funk of the Lister Institute of London proposed the name vitamines for these accessory food factors (Hopkins, 1906). Funk isolated the antiberiberi substance in pure form from rice polishings. Since the active factor was an amine, and necessary for life, he introduced the term "vitamin". This term has been retained to designate accessory food factors that are neither amino acids nor inorganic elements. Since not all these substances are amines, the term was later modified to vitamins by  dropping the terminal "e", by Sir. J.C. Drummond in 1920, who also proposed their alphabetical nomenclature... CLASSIFICATION The vitamins are generally divided into 2 major groups: fat-soluble and water-soluble. The fat-soluble vitamins, which are usually found associated with the lipids of natural foods, include vitamin ...

Many doesn't know what is actually the term Anthropology here is it? Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures and societies, in both the present and past, including past human species. In simple words it's the combination of science and history background. There are different types of Anthropology: × Social anthropology × Cultural anthropology × Linguistic anthropology × Biological or physical anthropology × Visual anthropology Social anthropology:  Social anthropology studies patterns of behaviour of the human being and the animals.   Cultural anthropology: Cultural anthropology deals with cultural meaning, including norms and values of the human being. Linguistic anthropology:  Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life of the human being and the animal. Biological or physical anthropology:  Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans and pr...