SCIENCE TEMPO

Nostoc is a prokaryotic, unbranched, filamentous, colonial blue-green alga belonging to the class Cyanophyceae. It is commonly known as star jelly, witches' butter, or mars egg. This alga is found in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats and exists in a haploid form. The colony of Nostoc is globular and jelly-like, ranging in size from that of a pea seed to a plum fruit. It is surrounded by an outer firm gelatinous layer called the pellicle, which encloses a gelatinous matrix. The center of the colony remains hollow. Within the gelatinous matrix, numerous filaments are present, with each filament referred to as a trichome. These filaments are enclosed by a mucilage sheath and consist of oval cells. The trichome is composed of three types of cells: Vegetative cells Heterocysts Akinetes Each cell is bounded by an outer cell wall and an inner plasma membrane. The cell wall is primarily composed of hemicellulose and pectin, while the plasma membrane encloses the protoplasm. The protopl...

  Algae are chlorophyll-bearing thallophytes, and their sex organs can be either unicellular or multicellular, lacking a protective sterile envelope. The term "algae" originated from the Latin word "alga," which translates to "washed-away plants on the sea-shore" or simply "sea-weeds." In certain unicellular forms, the entire cell functions as a gamete, while multicellular algae develop many-celled sex organs, and all cells within these organs produce gametes. Typically, there are no sterile cells in the sex organs, except for one exception: the male sex organ (antheridium) of Chara, which is multicellular and surrounded by a layer of sterile cells. Commonly occurring algae species include Oscillatoria, Chlamydomonas, Ulothrix, Chara, Diatoms, Chlorella, Caulerpa, Vaucheria, Oedogonium, Nitella, Ectocarpus, Laminaria, Fucus, Volvox, Sargassum, and Polysiphonia. The study of algae is known as Algology or Phycology. The term "Phycology" i...

 Excretion may be defined as the separation and elimination of the metabolic wastes from the body usually in an aqueous solu tion. The waste materials are of several kinds and vary not only from animal to animal, but also in the same animal from time to time. However, the term excretion is generally used with reference to the elimination of the nitrogenus waste products. from the animal body. During the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, carbon dioxide and water are formed as excretory products. The bile pigments bilirubin and biliverdin that are formed in the liver by the break down of haemoglobin are excretory substances which pass out through the intestine. The breakdown of proteins results in amino acids, the excess of which are excreted. While some aquatic animals excrete their extra nitrogen in the form of amino acids as such, most of the animals degrade their excess amino acids to ammonia, uric acid or urea. Deamination The first stage in the breakdown of amino acids ...

VITAMINS Vitamins are complex organic substances found in various foods, which are required for specific metabolic reactions within the cells. In 1912 Dr. Casimir Funk of the Lister Institute of London proposed the name vitamines for these accessory food factors (Hopkins, 1906). Funk isolated the antiberiberi substance in pure form from rice polishings. Since the active factor was an amine, and necessary for life, he introduced the term "vitamin". This term has been retained to designate accessory food factors that are neither amino acids nor inorganic elements. Since not all these substances are amines, the term was later modified to vitamins by  dropping the terminal "e", by Sir. J.C. Drummond in 1920, who also proposed their alphabetical nomenclature... CLASSIFICATION The vitamins are generally divided into 2 major groups: fat-soluble and water-soluble. The fat-soluble vitamins, which are usually found associated with the lipids of natural foods, include vitamin ...

Many doesn't know what is actually the term Anthropology here is it? Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures and societies, in both the present and past, including past human species. In simple words it's the combination of science and history background. There are different types of Anthropology: × Social anthropology × Cultural anthropology × Linguistic anthropology × Biological or physical anthropology × Visual anthropology Social anthropology:  Social anthropology studies patterns of behaviour of the human being and the animals.   Cultural anthropology: Cultural anthropology deals with cultural meaning, including norms and values of the human being. Linguistic anthropology:  Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life of the human being and the animal. Biological or physical anthropology:  Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans and pr...